Outcome in juvenile-onset myasthenia gravis: a retrospective study with long-term follow-up of 79 patients

J Neurol. 1997 Aug;244(8):515-20. doi: 10.1007/s004150050135.

Abstract

Randomised and controlled treatment studies of juvenile-onset myasthenia gravis have not been published. We therefore report our retrospective analysis of 79 patients with juvenile-onset myasthenia gravis observed for as long as 30 years. The mean age at onset was 13.7 years and median follow-up 7.7 years. The initial presentation was generalised disease in 90% and ocular disease in the remaining patients. Sixty-five patients (82%) were thymectomised. In 14 of these, treatment consisted of a combination of azathioprine (2-3 mg/kg), corticosteroids (prednisolone up to 60 mg for a maximum duration of 12 months with subsequent tapering) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, and of azathioprine and AChE inhibitors in 27 patients. One patient received azathioprine and 22 AChE inhibitors only; in another no further medication was necessary. In the severely affected group (n = 16), plasmapheresis was performed additionally before thymectomy and continued for some time after the operation. Treatment was started between 1 and 14 months (mean 2.4 months) after the onset of myasthenic symptoms. No thymectomy was done in 14 patients, and immunosuppressive treatment and AChE inhibitors were given in 9 of these cases. One patient received azathioprine only; 4 patients received AChE inhibitors only. The histology of the thymus gland showed follicular hyperplasia in 89% of the 65 thymectomised patients and normal findings in the remainder. Remission occurred in 60% of patients who underwent thymectomy and in 29% of those who were not thymectomised. Hyperthyroidism (6 patients, 8%), diabetes mellitus (2 patients, 3%) and rheumatoid arthritis (2 patients, 3%) were the most frequent associated immune-mediated diseases. Epileptic seizures and neoplasia were coincident diseases in 2 (3%) and 3 (4%) patients, respectively. There were no deaths from thymectomy or from immunosupression. This open, retrospective analysis suggests that juvenile-onset myasthenia gravis can be treated satisfactorily in most patients by the use of thymectomy and/or immunosupressive medication.

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Antibodies / analysis
  • Azathioprine / therapeutic use
  • Child
  • Drug Combinations
  • Female
  • Follow-Up Studies
  • Glucocorticoids / therapeutic use
  • Humans
  • Immunosuppressive Agents / therapeutic use
  • Longitudinal Studies
  • Male
  • Myasthenia Gravis / pathology
  • Myasthenia Gravis / physiopathology*
  • Myasthenia Gravis / therapy
  • Prednisolone / therapeutic use
  • Receptors, Cholinergic / immunology
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Thymectomy
  • Thymus Gland / pathology
  • Treatment Outcome

Substances

  • Antibodies
  • Drug Combinations
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Immunosuppressive Agents
  • Receptors, Cholinergic
  • Prednisolone
  • Azathioprine