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痘苗病毒用作天花疫苗

Authors
Stuart N Isaacs, MD
Harvey M Friedman, MD
Section Editors
Martin S Hirsch, MD
Sheldon L Kaplan, MD
Deputy Editor
Jennifer Mitty, MD, MPH
Translators
武文娣, 助理研究员

引言

痘苗病毒是活的痘病毒，在过去作为天花疫苗。该疫苗的出现是成功迈向消灭天花的重要一步，天花感染的特点为发热、皮疹和全身症状，具有较高的并发症发病率和死亡率。

本专题将讨论痘苗病毒的病毒学、现有疫苗、疫苗接种程序、禁忌证和不良事件(参见下文‘具体的并发症’)。研究环境下的痘苗病毒将在别处讨论。 (参见“研究环境下的痘苗病毒”)

历史背景

在发现偶然通过皮肤擦伤暴露于天花病毒能够降低感染天花病毒的严重性之后，人们开始尝试控制天花。因此人们开始了“人痘接种”的实践，即有意将天花痂的脓疱液接种给未感染者。人痘接种的实践开始于公元10世纪的中国和印度；据报道，死亡是人痘接种的并发症。

在1796年，Edward Jenner发现，接种牛痘病毒能够保护个体免于感染天花，并且发生疾病的风险低于人痘接种。此后，痘苗病毒成为了天花疫苗的基础。并不明确痘苗病毒的起源。成功的疫苗接种可高效保护机体免于罹患任何天花病毒感染性疾病达5年，并能避免死亡或重症天花最多达20年。为了达到最佳的保护效果，有必要定期复种疫苗。

在1959年，世界卫生大会(World Health Assembly)采纳了目标为全球根除天花的计划。稳定的冻干疫苗的研制成功，意味着疫苗接种计划能够覆盖不太发达的热带国家。到1967年，加强了根除天花的工作力度。

                            

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Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2017-06-26.
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