老年患者抽搐和癫痫的治疗
- Author
- Jane G Boggs, MD
Jane G Boggs, MD
- Associate Professor, Neurology
- Wake Forest University
- Section Editors
- Timothy A Pedley, MD
Timothy A Pedley, MD
- Editor-in-Chief — Neurology
- Section Editor — Epilepsy
- Henry and Lucy Moses Professor of Neurology
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
- Kenneth E Schmader, MD
Kenneth E Schmader, MD
- Editor in Chief — Geriatric Medicine
- Section Editor — Geriatrics
- Chief, Division of Geriatrics
- Duke University
- Director, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center
- Durham VA Medical Centers
- Deputy Editor
- Janet L Wilterdink, MD
Janet L Wilterdink, MD
- Senior Deputy Editor — UpToDate
- Deputy Editor — Neurology
- Associate Professor
- Brown University School of Medicine
- Translators
- 刘芳, 副主任医师
刘芳, 副主任医师
- 北京大学第一医院老年病内科
引言
出于多种原因,针对老年患者抽搐和癫痫的讨论非常重要。新发抽搐有很大比例(25%)发生在年龄大于65岁的个体,所有癫痫患者中约25%是老年人[1,2]。在此年龄组中,癫痫发作和癫痫的病因和临床表现各不相同,并且会影响诊断方法。老年患者的治疗问题很复杂。而且,抽搐一些高龄者易于失去自理能力、驾驶受限、自信心受损、并有跌倒风险,所以容易导致身体受伤及其他后遗症;对于该群体,抽搐的诊断又有严重影响。
急性症状性抽搐是被诱发的事件,在没有特定诱因(如低血糖、酒精戒断)的情况下一般不会复发。癫痫则是一种如不治疗则会复发的无诱因性抽搐的疾病。
本专题将概述针对老年个体的抽搐和癫痫的治疗。抽搐和癫痫治疗的更广泛讨论参见其他专题。老年患者抽搐和癫痫的病因、临床表现和诊断也将单独讨论。 (参见“成人癫痫的初始治疗”和“成人癫痫处理概述”和“老年患者癫痫发作和癫痫的病因、临床表现和诊断”)
治疗
通常,由于显著的代谢紊乱、药物或药物戒断所致的急性症状性抽搐患者无需抽搐治疗。而由于急性颅内事件(脑卒中、头部创伤)导致急性抽搐的患者,则通常需要治疗一段时间(几周至几个月)。如果抽搐未复发,应该根据患者的其他危险因素和共病考虑是否停用抗癫痫药(antiepileptic drugs, AED)。 (参见“成人癫痫处理概述”,关于‘脑卒中后癫痫发作’一节)
在无诱因抽搐的老年患者中,有关癫痫复发风险的数据很少,但经常提到的是很高的复发率(80%-90%)。在部分程度上,这是从脑卒中后迟发型癫痫患者较高的复发率,以及有关成人抽搐普通人群的研究显示有已知潜在病因情况下的抽搐复发率高达80%推断而来的。一项前瞻性观察性研究纳入了超过1000例因首次无诱因抽搐而就诊的成人患者,患者,其中139例患者的年龄大于或等于65岁(平均74岁),这些年龄较大的患者1年时抽搐复发的可能性与较年轻的成人类似(53% vs 48%)[3]。然而到5年时,年龄较大的患者抽搐复发的累计风险更高(75% vs 61%)。抽搐复发的独立预测因素包括:既往症状性病因、首次抽搐出现于睡眠时、脑电图存在癫痫样异常以及局灶性抽搐,但不包括年龄。
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