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茶碱在哮喘中的应用

Authors
Leslie Hendeles, PharmD
Miles Weinberger, MD
Section Editors
Bruce S Bochner, MD
Robert A Wood, MD
Deputy Editor
Helen Hollingsworth, MD
Translators
赵丽敏, 主任医师

引言

在过去的50年间,使用茶碱治疗哮喘已经历了几个周期的狂热和冷遇。一些广泛传播的临床实践指南将茶碱列为“非首选”替代治疗,有较新药物可用,人们顾虑该药物风险获益比,这些因素导致茶碱不常被开具。然而,与其他和吸入性糖皮质激素(inhaled glucocorticoids, IGC或ICS)[如孟鲁斯特和长效β受体激动剂(long-acting beta agonists, LABA)]联用的长期维持性药物相比,茶碱具有成本较低的优势。

茶碱治疗哮喘的适应证及其安全使用的相关推荐将在此讨论。急性和慢性哮喘治疗的概述将在别处讨论。 (参见“成人哮喘急性发作的治疗”“哮喘管理概述”)

治疗作用 — 传统上,茶碱被归类为一种支气管扩张剂,但其控制慢性哮喘的能力似乎不能仅由支气管扩张轻度活性来解释[1-7]。茶碱具有抗炎、免疫调节及保护支气管的作用,这些作用可能促进其作为一种预防性抗哮喘药物的疗效[7-14]。

对于存在气道炎症的动物,茶碱可在体内和体外下调炎性和免疫细胞功能[15,16]。对于过敏性哮喘患者,茶碱可减轻晚发相气道梗阻及气道对组胺反应性的增加,降低变应原诱导的活化嗜酸性粒细胞向支气管粘膜的迁移,以及降低痰液中的嗜酸性粒细胞计数[8,9,17]。此外,接受大剂量ICS的重度慢性哮喘患者停用茶碱导致哮喘症状加重,同时伴有支气管黏膜活化的细胞毒性T细胞数量增加及气道上皮中辅助性T细胞数量增加[7]。使用茶碱时,夜间肺功能恶化情况的减少与晨间支气管肺泡灌洗液中的中性粒细胞百分比减少及来自巨噬细胞的刺激性白三烯B4减少相关[18]。一份关于体内和体外研究的深入系统评价已经发表,这些研究显示了茶碱的免疫调节、抗炎症及糖皮质激素保留作用[19]。

虽然现已提出了多种分子机制来解释茶碱的作用,但在具有临床意义的药物浓度时非特异性抑制磷酸二酯酶的作用似乎最为重要。茶碱通过抑制磷酸二酯酶介导的水解增加气道平滑肌细胞和炎性细胞内的环核苷酸浓度。然而,对特异性同工酶的抑制作用可能也很重要;抑制磷酸二酯酶Ⅲ和Ⅳ可松弛肺动脉和气道的平滑肌[20],而抗炎症和/或免疫调节作用可能由抑制Ⅳ型同工酶所致[16]。该信息激发了人们研究更具特异性的磷酸二酯酶Ⅳ抑制剂用于哮喘治疗的兴趣[21,22]。茶碱还可增加组蛋白去乙酰基酶-2的活性,这可能增加糖皮质激素抵抗性重度哮喘患者及吸烟哮喘患者对糖皮质激素的反应性[23]。

             

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Literature review current through: 2017-07 . | This topic last updated: 2016-08-22.
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