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吸烟与高血压

Author
Norman M Kaplan, MD
Section Editors
George L Bakris, MD
James K Stoller, MD, MS
Deputy Editor
John P Forman, MD, MSc
Translators
陈慧, 主任医师,教授

吸烟与高血压

在全球范围内,烟草的使用是引起可避免的心血管病死亡的最常见的原因[1]。全球现有13亿吸烟者,其中82%生活在发展中国家;如果按目前的状况继续发展下去,预计在21世纪将会发生10亿例烟草相关的死亡病例。吸烟的直接危害与交感神经过度兴奋有关,这种作用可通过升高血压、心率和心肌收缩力来增加心肌的耗氧量[2]。

长期吸烟可引起动脉硬化,这种危害在戒烟后仍可能持续存在10年[3]。在那些每日吸烟量大于等于15支的吸烟者中,高血压的发病率增加[4],在无症状的人群中,吸烟合并高血压可降低左心室的功能[5]。

每吸一支烟时,血压都会暂时性升高;如果在吸上一支烟30分钟后测量血压,可能会遗漏这种升压效应。这种暂时性的血压升高在每日吸第一支烟时可能最明显,即使对于习惯性吸烟者而言也是如此。在一项关于血压正常的吸烟者的研究中,吸完第一支烟后收缩压平均升高了20mmHg(图 1)[6]。此外,动态血压监测显示,在轻度原发性高血压(primary hypertension,之前也被称为“essential hypertension”)患者中,吸烟和饮用咖啡之间存在相互作用,导致日间收缩压平均升高约6mmHg[7]。

然而,在大部分[8,9](但并非所有[10])研究中观察到,习惯性吸烟者的血压通常低于不吸烟者。在吸烟者中这种血压轻度降低的现象与体重减轻有关[11]。如下证据支持了上述观察结果:与从不吸烟者相比,既往吸烟者的体重和血压均更高[12]。可替宁是尼古丁的主要代谢产物,其血管舒张作用也可能促使血压下降[13]。

尽管存在这些观察结果,但所有高血压患者均应避免吸烟,因为吸烟可显著增加继发性心血管并发症的风险,并加快肾功能不全的进展[14,15]。一项平均随访了35个月的前瞻性研究为后一种作用提供了范例,该研究在53例高血压患者中调查了与肾功能变化有关的因素,尽管这些患者的目标平均血压显著降低(从127mmHg降至97mmHg),但其血清肌酐的浓度从1.5mg/dL上升至1.9mg/dL(133μmol/L升至168μmol/L)[14]。吸烟是进展性肾病最显著的独立影响因素,在研究开始和结束时,吸烟者的血清肌酐浓度分别为1.5mg/dL和2.1mg/dL(133μmol/L186μmol/L),而非吸烟者为1.25mg/dL和1.32mg/dL(110μmol/L117μmol/L)。该不良反应的机制尚不清楚,但可能与吸烟时体循环血压的暂时性升高传输至肾小球,从而造成肾小球性高血压有关。

  

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Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2015-12-02.
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