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心力衰竭患者的骨骼肌功能障碍和运动不耐受

Author
Wilson S Colucci, MD
Section Editor
Stephen S Gottlieb, MD
Deputy Editor
Susan B Yeon, MD, JD, FACC
Translators
彭应心, 主任医师,教授

引言

心力衰竭(heart failure, HF)的标志性特征是呼吸困难和乏力引起的运动不耐受。过去认为这些症状完全是由中心血流动力学紊乱所致,可通过正性肌力药物和/或血管扩张药逆转。 (参见“正性肌力药在收缩功能障碍性心力衰竭中的应用”“血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂在射血分数降低的心力衰竭中的治疗应用”)

然而,目前我们清楚地认识到,心力衰竭患者的骨骼肌也存在显著的病理变化,其可能促发了相关症状[1]。本文将总结心力衰竭患者中骨骼肌异常与运动不耐受相联系的证据及心脏康复对这些患者的有益作用。关于正常运动生理学、采用摄氧量峰值(峰值Vo2)评估心力衰竭患者的运动能力和预后、心脏康复为轻至中度心力衰竭患者改善运动耐量的能力的概述将单独讨论。 (参见“Exercise physiology”“心力衰竭患者的运动耐量与摄氧量”“心力衰竭患者的心脏康复”)

药物治疗对运动耐量的影响

即使是轻度心力衰竭患者,其运动能力也有所下降。运动不耐受和乏力可能是心输出量降低的结果,心输出量降低的主要原因是心肌功能受损,且过度利尿导致的血浆及血容量降低可能会使运动不耐受和乏力更加明显[2]。尽管心输出量在静息时可能相对正常,但通常即使是轻度活动,心输出量都不能充分增加[3]。和正常研究对象一样,心力衰竭患者的峰值Vo2与运动峰值心输出量和肌肉血流量直接相关(图 1)。然而,心力衰竭患者的心输出量不能适当增加,导致运动肌肉的灌注不能充分增加,这可引起无氧代谢提早发生、肌力增加不足和肌肉疲劳[4]。

随着心力衰竭的药物治疗在20世纪80年代早期取得成功,数名研究者对正性肌力药物和血管扩张药对心力衰竭患者运动能力的快速影响进行了评估。例如,一项研究评估了11例纽约心脏协会(New York Heart Association, NYHA)Ⅲ级心力衰竭且平均左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)为20%的患者,这些患者于多巴酚丁胺输注前和输注期间在自行车测力计上进行运动[5]。尽管多巴酚丁胺改善了峰值运动心输出量(6.5L/min vs 7.4L/min,P<0.01),并降低了肺毛细血管楔压(pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PCWP),但未能显著增加运动持续时间(5.5分钟 vs 5.8分钟)。

另一项研究在10例NYHA Ⅲ级心力衰竭且平均LVEF为19%的患者中评估了强效血管扩张药肼屈嗪对流向运动骨骼肌的血流以及运动能力的影响[6]。结果显示静脉给予肼屈嗪显著增加了在自行车测力计上运动时的峰值心输出量(5.6L/min vs 6.7L/min,P<0.01),并改善了股静脉血流,这表明股动脉血流和向运动骨骼肌传送的氧气得到改善。然而,最大耗氧量(Vo2max)未受影响,因为给予肼屈嗪后全身和腿部的氧摄取量减少。

        

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Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2017-04-26.
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