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小儿急性肾损伤：肾脏替代治疗的适应证、时机和治疗模式选择

Authors
Patrick D Brophy, MD
Jennifer G Jetton, MD
Section Editor
Tej K Mattoo, MD, DCH, FRCP
Deputy Editor
Melanie S Kim, MD

引言

急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)是指以肾脏维持适当的电解质、酸碱及体液稳态的能力急性丧失并同时伴有肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate, GFR)降低为特征的一组疾病[1,2]。在临床上，AKI表现为含氮代谢废物[血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN)]和血清肌酐(serum creatinine, Scr)的增加，在某些情况下还伴有尿量减少[少于0.5-1mL/(kg·h)]，且这种尿量减少通常对利尿剂治疗抵抗[1-3]。 (参见“儿童急性肾损伤的临床特征、病因、评估和诊断”)

人们已越来越多地将AKI视为危重症儿童出现并发症和死亡的一个重要的独立危险因素[4-7]。文献中至少报道了30种不同的AKI定义[8]，导致对各研究的归纳概括和对不同数据集的比较困难重重。因此，缺乏基于循证医学的AKI患儿管理指南导致AKI患儿开始肾脏替代治疗(renal replacement therapy, RRT)的适当时机以及最适当的RRT模式存在不确定性和争议。

本专题将总结AKI儿童RRT的适应证、时机和模式。成人RRT将在其他专题中讨论。 (参见“成人急性肾损伤的肾脏替代疗法(透析)：适应证、时机及透析剂量”，关于‘择期启动的时机’一节)

RRT的适应证和时机

对危重儿童的大型数据库的回顾性研究表明，儿童在住院治疗早期易发生器官衰竭，包括AKI，发生AKI的儿童比无AKI儿童的死亡风险更高，住院时间也更长[9,10]。RRT可预防和纠正AKI所带来的不良甚至可能危及生命的并发症，包括症状性尿毒症、代谢及电解质紊乱以及严重的液体过剩(fluid overload, FO)，从而降低AKI儿童的死亡率，缩短其住院时间。

在过去，小儿AKI的RRT指征是从以下启动终末期肾病(end-stage renal disease, ESRD)透析的参数中推断得出[11]：

             

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Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2017-03-23.
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