抗癌药物和放疗导致的卵巢功能衰竭
- Authors
- Corrine K Welt, MD
Corrine K Welt, MD
- Professor of Medicine
- University of Utah School of Medicine
- Charles L Shapiro, MD
Charles L Shapiro, MD
- Professor of Medicine
- Co-Director of Dubin Breast Center
- Director of Translational Breast Cancer Research
- Director of Cancer Survivorship, Tisch Cancer Institute
- Section Editors
- Robert L Barbieri, MD
Robert L Barbieri, MD
- Editor-in-Chief — Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health
- Section Editor — General Gynecology and Female Reproductive Endocrinology
- Kate Macy Ladd Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
- Harvard Medical School
- William F Crowley, Jr, MD
William F Crowley, Jr, MD
- Section Editor — Female Reproductive Endocrinology
- Daniel K Podolsky Professor of Medicine
- Harvard Medical School
- Deputy Editor
- Kathryn A Martin, MD
Kathryn A Martin, MD
- Senior Deputy Editor — UpToDate
- Deputy Editor — Endocrinology and Patient Education
- Assistant Professor of Medicine
- Harvard Medical School
- Translators
- 杨冬, 副主任医师
杨冬, 副主任医师
- 首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院妇产科
引言
几种毒素可引起原发性性腺功能减退。其中一些是拯救生命的治疗措施,如抗癌药物和放疗。其他包括吸烟、化学品、农药、病毒和辐射。抗癌药物和放疗是最常见的已知卵巢毒性物质,也将成为卵巢功能衰竭日益常见的原因。据估计,2000年时,1000名20岁以下的人中就有多达1个经这些疗法治愈癌症,在其寻求生育功能障碍治疗时,其中许多人将会遗忘曾经的抗癌治疗。例如,在一项关于1928例儿童期癌症的成年幸存者的调查中,14%否认曾经有过癌症,18%将治疗错误归类[1]。抗癌药物和放疗导致的卵巢功能衰竭将总结在此。卵巢早衰的其他原因、癌症幸存者的生育概况和进行性腺毒性治疗的患者生育功能保留的选择措施将在别处讨论。 (参见“自发性原发性卵巢功能不全(卵巢早衰)的发病机制和病因”和“Overview of infertility and pregnancy outcome in cancer survivors”和“接受性腺毒性治疗或性腺切除术的患者的生育力保留”)
化疗药物
大部分抗癌药物影响分裂细胞,因此,预计这些药物会影响卵巢的颗粒细胞和卵泡膜细胞,甚于影响不分裂的卵母细胞。然而,这些药物对卵巢功能影响差异很大,某些药物对卵巢功能没有影响,而其他药物会导致永久性性腺功能减退(表 1)。通常,接受过化疗的女性其卵巢中原始卵泡数量正常到轻度减少,较大的成熟卵泡数目减少更多[2,3],表明这些药物对卵泡发育的影响超过对卵母细胞的影响。
与这些组织学表现相符的是,临床上观察到许多女性,尤其是40岁以下的女性,在化疗期间发生闭经,常伴有高血清促性腺激素浓度,但停止治疗后数月到数年时,月经功能和部分病例的生育力可恢复[4-6]。
烷化剂,如环磷酰胺,是充分证实的、最强效的诱导卵巢功能衰竭的药物。其改变碱基配对,从而导致DNA交联,并且引发单链DNA断裂[7]。因此,理论上烷化剂既可影响静息的细胞,如卵母细胞,也可影响分裂细胞。这些影响是呈年龄、剂量和药物依赖性的。相比于年龄较大的女性,较年轻女性受影响较少,大概是因为后者拥有更多的剩余卵母细胞。例如,一项研究显示,在接受大于5.2g的环磷酰胺后,所有40岁以上的女性都发生了闭经,而引起较年轻女性闭经所需的该药物剂量为9.5g[8]。
然而,不同患者易感性方面存在极大差异,在大剂量单药治疗后,部分女性卵巢功能正常,而其他一些同龄女性会发生永久性原发性腺功能减退。 (参见“早期乳腺癌辅助化疗的急性副作用”和“乳腺癌生存者中复发的形式与治疗的远期并发症”和“风湿性疾病中环磷酰胺的一般毒性”)
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To continue reading this article, you must log in with your personal, hospital, or group practice subscription. For more information or to purchase a personal subscription, click below on the option that best describes you:Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2015-08-25.The content on the UpToDate website is not intended nor recommended as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your own physician or other qualified health care professional regarding any medical questions or conditions. The use of this website is governed by the UpToDate Terms of Use ©2017 UpToDate, Inc.References- Byrne J, Lewis S, Halamek L, et al. Childhood cancer survivors' knowledge of their diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:400.
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