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无反应性肺炎

Authors
David Ost, MD, MPH
Alan Fein, MD
Steven H Feinsilver, MD
Section Editor
John G Bartlett, MD
Deputy Editor
Anna R Thorner, MD
Translators
周剑平, 主治医师

引言

尽管积极治疗,但肺炎吸收缓慢或无法完全吸收是常见的临床问题。据统计,约15%的住院患者因此问题需要肺科医生会诊,而其中8%患者需接受支气管镜检查[1]。肺炎延迟吸收或不完全吸收由多种因素导致,包括与肺炎致病相关因素(误诊病原体或存在耐药病原体)、与宿主相关因素(包括机械性过程)以及原发感染引起的并发症。此外,非感染因素导致的肺浸润可与感染性肺炎具有相似表现,因此,此类患者肺炎吸收与预期的发展过程有所不同。在诊断为无反应性社区获得性肺炎(community-acquired pneumonia, CAP)的患者中,20%患者因非感染性因素致病[2]。虽然该疾病时常发生,但仍缺乏针对性的研究。

本专题使用术语“无反应性肺炎”来泛指那些出现病灶进展、吸收缓慢或尽管采取适当的治疗,肺炎仍然无法完全吸收的情况。本文将首先讨论影响肺炎消散的常规因素,然后集中讨论无反应性肺炎的特定病因。吸入性肺炎、CAP、医院获得性肺炎(hospital-acquired pneumonia, HAP)、呼吸机相关性肺炎以及免疫功能受损患者发热和肺浸润的处理将单独讨论。 (参见“成人吸入性肺炎”“成人社区获得性肺炎的流行病学、发病机制和微生物学”“成人社区获得性肺炎的诊断方法”“成人医院获得性肺炎、呼吸机相关性肺炎和健康护理相关性肺炎的流行病学、发病机制、微生物学和诊断”“呼吸机相关肺炎的临床表现和诊断”“对发热伴肺部浸润的免疫功能受损患者的概述”)

肺炎正常吸收 vs 延迟吸收

肺炎的正常吸收情况不容易明确,根据患者基础病因而有所不同。患者通常在治疗3-5日左右主观感觉病情有所改善。具体的临床好转标准包括:发热、咳嗽、爆裂音、白细胞增多、动脉氧合作用(PaO2)和C反应蛋白水平等均得以改善(表 1)。但是大部分肺炎病程相关的研究均定义为胸部影像学病灶的吸收,常常将“延迟吸收”定义为临床情况已有改善,但患者影像学病灶持续存在超过1个月[3]。

判定患者是否属于无反应性肺炎或进展性肺炎还须考虑影响预期吸收速率的相关因素。这些因素包括:

  • 合并症—合并症通常会延迟肺炎的吸收(表 2)。对于无伴随内科疾病的患者,影像学肺浸润病灶通常在4周左右吸收,但对于伴有合并症的患者,仅20%-30%患者在4周左右病灶吸收[4,5]。
  • 年龄—在小于50岁的患者中,约90%患者在4周左右影像学提示肺炎吸收,而与之相对,在大于50岁的患者中,即使无合并症,也仅有30%患者在4周左右影像学提示吸收[6]。
  • 严重程度—重度肺炎患者影像学吸收多在10周左右,而相比之下,轻至中度肺炎则在3-4周时即可出现吸收。
  • 致病原—影像学改善率和临床改善率因引发肺炎的致病原不同而有所差别。通常情况下,肺炎支原体、非菌血症肺炎链球菌、衣原体(Chlamydophila,以前写作Chlamydia)的某些种属和卡他莫拉菌等引发的肺炎比其他病原体导致的肺炎吸收更快(表 3)[7]。

                             

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Literature review current through: 2017-07 . | This topic last updated: 2017-03-19.
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