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儿童丙型肝炎病毒感染

Author
Maureen M Jonas, MD
Section Editors
Morven S Edwards, MD
Elizabeth B Rand, MD
Deputy Editor
Alison G Hoppin, MD
Translators
王建设, 主任医师

引言

儿童仅占丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus, HCV)感染人群的一小部分。然而,有相当多的儿童存在慢性HCV感染,并有发生并发症的风险。根据最近的一项报告[1],全世界约有1.15亿例感染者,其中1100万例患者的年龄低于15岁。8000万例患者存在病毒血症,其中500万例患者的年龄低于15岁。据估计,全球HCV感染儿童及其家庭成员的医疗保健费用每年达数亿美元[2]。

与儿童HCV有关的主要问题将总结在此。HCV的围生期传播将单独讨论。 (参见“丙型肝炎病毒的垂直传播”)

流行病学

在美国,HCV抗体见于约0.2%的6-12岁儿童及0.4%的12-19岁儿童,这与在成人志愿献血者中观察到的比例相近,但低于基于美国国家健康与营养调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES)数据的成人比例[3-5]。儿童患病率是根据对具有全国代表性的样本进行的筛查检测得出的[3]。相比而言,临床确认的病例比例要低得多(为期望值的5%),这表明对儿科HCV的筛查及病例确认是非常不足的[6]。HCV抗体阳性且HCV-RNA也阳性的儿童的比例尚未准确知晓;基于成人的研究,估计该比例约为75%-80%。 (参见“丙型肝炎病毒感染的流行病学与传播”)

1990年[此时第一代酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)变得可用并开始常规筛查血液供应]晚至1992年(此时引进了第二代ELISA检测)前,因一些疾病(如,地中海贫血或血友病)而接受过血液制品的个体患者中,该患病率高得多(50%-95%)[7-9]。据报道,对于有多种其他潜在暴露(如,恶性肿瘤、血液透析、体外膜肺氧合或先天性心脏病手术)的儿童,血清阳性率为10%-20%[10-15]。在华盛顿特区被监禁的青少年人群中,血清阳性率为2%[16]。一般情况下,对于常规筛查前曾暴露于血液制品的儿童,感染HCV的风险与接受的血液或血液制品单位数量相关[12,14,17]。这些具有风险的儿童目前大多数是年轻成人,因为在发达国家中血液供应的常规检测几乎已消除了通过这种途径的传播。

儿童HCV感染的患病率在全球范围内似乎存在地理差异,其原因尚未完全清楚。20世纪90年代早期的研究(这些研究反映的是可能接触过污染血液制品的儿童群体)报道,患病率在日本和中国台湾低至0[18,19],意大利为0.4%[20],马来西亚为0.6%[21],沙特阿拉伯为0.9%[22],摩尔多瓦为1.4%[23],而喀麦隆则高达14.5%[24]。在20世纪90年代,埃及的无血液制品暴露史的儿童的患病率较低[17],但一项较新病例系列研究报道其HCV感染率为2%[25]。  

                              

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Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2017-05-23.
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