常用生物统计学和流行病学术语词汇表
- Author
- Peter A L Bonis, MD
Peter A L Bonis, MD
- Chief Medical Officer — UpToDate
- Deputy Editor — Gastroenterology/Hepatology
- Adjunct Professor of Medicine
- Tufts University School of Medicine
- Section Editors
- Suzanne W Fletcher, MD
Suzanne W Fletcher, MD
- Editor-in-Chief — Adult Primary Care
- Section Editor — General Medicine
- Professor Emeritus of Population Medicine
- Harvard Medical School
- Robert H Fletcher, MD, MSc
Robert H Fletcher, MD, MSc
- Editor-in-Chief — Adult Primary Care
- Section Editor — General Medicine
- Professor Emeritus of Population Medicine
- Harvard Medical School
- Deputy Editor
- David M Rind, MD
David M Rind, MD
- Section Editor — General Medicine
- Chief Medical Officer
- Institute for Clinical and Economic Review
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Part-time
- Harvard Medical School
引言
本专题将提供在阅读医学文献时遇到的常用生物统计学和流行病学术语的目录。参考文献为对这些专题感兴趣的卫生专业人员提供了教科书清单[1-6]。
描述数据如何分布的统计学
集中趋势的测量指标 — 描述数据最常用的三种集中趋势测量指标：
- 均数(mean)等于所有观察值的总和除以观察值的个数。
- 中位数(median)等于所有观察值从小至大依次排列时处于中间位置的观察值；当观察值的数量为偶数时，中位数确定为中间两个数据点的均数。
- 众数(mode)等于出现频率最高的观察值。
离散趋势的测量指标 — 离散趋势是指数据围绕一个特定值(例如均数)分散的程度。最常用的离散趋势测量指标有：
- 全距(range)—全距等于最大观察值和最小观察值之间的差值。
- 标准差(standard deviation)—标准差测量数据距离均数的变异度。其提供了总体中所有个体之间的可预期变异度大小的信息。在一个遵循“正态”分布(即高斯分布)的样本中，分别有68%和95%的观察值落在距均数的1个和2个标准差范围内。
- 均数的标准误(standard error of the mean)—均数的标准差(standard deviation of the mean，用于样本总体)应区别于均数的标准误，后者描述的是测量数个不同样本均数的可预期变异度大小。
- 百分位数(percentile)—百分位数等于低于某特定值分布的百分比。例如，如果仅有10%的同龄儿童比某儿童重，那么该儿童体重处于第90百分位数。
- 四分位间距(interquartile range)—四分位间距是指界定中间50%观察值的高值与低值的差。其边界等于代表第25百分位数和第75百分位数的观察值。四分位间距可用盒须图(box and whiskers plot)描述(图 1)。
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