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水平衡紊乱(低钠血症和高钠血症)和钠平衡紊乱(低血容量和水肿)的一般原理

Author
Richard H Sterns, MD
Section Editor
Michael Emmett, MD
Deputy Editor
John P Forman, MD, MSc
Translators
关海霞, 主任医师,教授

引言

水钠平衡紊乱很常见,但其病理生理学机制常被误解。例如,血浆钠浓度是通过改变水分摄入和排出来调节,而不是由钠平衡的改变来调节。正如我们将要在下文章节中介绍的那样,低钠血症主要由摄入水无法排出所致,高钠血症主要是由丢失的水分尚未得到补充而导致,低血容量表示水钠丢失,水肿则主要是由水钠潴留导致。理解这些基本原理对恰当的诊断和治疗十分关键。

水钠平衡紊乱以及水钠平衡的一般原理将总结在此。低钠血症、高钠血症、低血容量和水肿的病因和评估参见其他专题。 (参见“低钠血症的病因”“低钠血症患者的评估”“高钠血症的病因及评估”“成人容量不足的病因、临床表现和诊断”“成人水肿的临床表现与诊断”)

定义

在讨论水钠平衡紊乱时,经常用到以下术语。理解这些术语所指代的含义对于恰当的诊断和治疗十分关键。

体内水分总量 — 体内水分总量(total body water, TBW)占瘦体重的百分比随年龄而变化。早产儿中近似正常值为80%,足月儿为70%-75%,年幼儿童为65%-70%,青春期以后为60%(图 1)[1]。这些值会随体脂含量的改变而变化,因为脂肪的含水量远低于肌肉。因此,对于体脂含量更多的个体,其TBW占总体重的比例更小。例如,年轻成人女性TBW占总体重的百分比(50%)低于年轻成人男性(60%),且随着肥胖程度增加或是肌肉量的丢失,该百分比会越来越低。

TBW主要有两部分,即细胞内液细胞外液(extracellular fluid, ECF),这两部分由细胞膜分隔开。细胞内液和细胞外液的相对量随年龄的增长而变化。婴儿和年幼儿童的细胞外液含量比年龄较大患者高,这也是较年轻患者TBW占瘦体重的百分比更高的原因之一(图 1)。水可以自由透过细胞膜,而电解质不可以,因此细胞膜有助于使细胞内液和细胞外液保持不同的溶质成分:细胞外液中含钠盐,而其中主要的阴离子为氯离子和碳酸氢根离子;细胞内液中含钾盐,其主要的阴离子为大量大分子有机磷酸根离子。

                         

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Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2017-02-01.
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