UpToDate
Official reprint from UpToDate®
www.uptodate.com ©2017 UpToDate®

运动诱发的支气管收缩

Author
Paul M O'Byrne, MB, FRSC
Section Editors
Peter J Barnes, DM, DSc, FRCP, FRS
Robert A Wood, MD
Deputy Editor
Helen Hollingsworth, MD
Translators
王琪, 主任医师,教授

引言

运动诱发的支气管收缩(exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, EIB)是指在运动期间或运动后马上发生的支气管收缩急性发作。术语“运动诱发的哮喘”常被用来描述运动后的阵发性支气管收缩,但该术语可能具有误导性,因为运动并不是哮喘的独立危险因素,而是有潜在哮喘的患者发生支气管收缩的诱因[1]。实际上,有一些推测认为,体力活动减少是哮喘的一个危险因素,并且运动可能有助于预防儿童哮喘发作[2]。因此,通常首选能够更准确地反映潜在病理生理学的术语EIB。

本专题将讨论EIB的临床表现、诊断及治疗。哮喘的临床表现、评估及治疗见其他专题。 (参见“12岁以下儿童的哮喘:初始评估和诊断”“青少年及成人哮喘的诊断”“肺功能测定在哮喘诊断中的应用”“喘鸣表型和年幼儿童哮喘的预测”“哮喘管理概述”“12岁以下儿童哮喘的初始治疗和监测控制”)

流行病学

在一般人群中,EIB的估计患病率为5%-20%[3-6]。相比之下,多达90%的症状性哮喘患者存在一定程度的EIB[6]。EIB的程度与气道高反应性的潜在程度和是否存在气道炎症(通过气道嗜酸性粒细胞的数量来衡量)的相关性最强,[7,8]。因此,很多以气道反应性轻微增加和轻度气道炎症为特点的轻度阵发性哮喘患者不会出现临床显著的支气管收缩,即使进行剧烈运动也是如此。

EIB患病率似乎在优秀运动员中更高,已有多项研究对此进行了评估[6,9-12]。例如,一项研究纳入了参加北京及雅典夏季奥运会的运动员,发现最常与哮喘治疗用药豁免相关的运动包括游泳、自行车赛、三项全能运动、五项全能运动和赛艇运动,患病率分别约为18%、16%、12%、13%和7%[9]。相比之下,在无耐力要求项目(如体操、击剑和帆船)运动员中哮喘的患病率不到5%。另一项研究发现,有39%的游泳运动员和24%的冬季运动运动员等二氧化碳过度通气检测结果为阳性[12]。

发病机制

每分钟通气量(即人体肺部每分钟吸入/呼出的气体量)随运动增加。EIB很可能是由于剧烈运动期间吸入大量相对寒冷干燥的空气触发气道生理学改变而引起的[13,14]。当吸入气体更充分湿润且更接近体温时EIB程度减弱支持这一观点[15,16]。吸入大量干燥空气对气道表面渗透压的影响可能是引起支气管收缩的主要刺激[17]。EIB的其他相关观察发现包括以下内容:

                 

Subscribers log in here

To continue reading this article, you must log in with your personal, hospital, or group practice subscription. For more information or to purchase a personal subscription, click below on the option that best describes you:
Literature review current through: 2017-07 . | This topic last updated: 2016-01-28.
The content on the UpToDate website is not intended nor recommended as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your own physician or other qualified health care professional regarding any medical questions or conditions. The use of this website is governed by the UpToDate Terms of Use ©2017 UpToDate, Inc.
References
Top
  1. Storms WW. Asthma associated with exercise. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2005; 25:31.
  2. Lucas SR, Platts-Mills TA. Physical activity and exercise in asthma: relevance to etiology and treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:928.
  3. Sonna LA, Angel KC, Sharp MA, et al. The prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm among US Army recruits and its effects on physical performance. Chest 2001; 119:1676.
  4. Ng'ang'a LW, Odhiambo JA, Mungai MW, et al. Prevalence of exercise induced bronchospasm in Kenyan school children: an urban-rural comparison. Thorax 1998; 53:919.
  5. Kukafka DS, Lang DM, Porter S, et al. Exercise-induced bronchospasm in high school athletes via a free running test: incidence and epidemiology. Chest 1998; 114:1613.
  6. Weiler JM, Bonini S, Coifman R, et al. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Work Group report: exercise-induced asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1349.
  7. Anderton RC, Cuff MT, Frith PA, et al. Bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine and exercise. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1979; 63:315.
  8. Duong M, Subbarao P, Adelroth E, et al. Sputum eosinophils and the response of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction to corticosteroid in asthma. Chest 2008; 133:404.
  9. Mountjoy M, Fitch K, Boulet LP, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of asthma in the aquatic disciplines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:588.
  10. Bonini M, Gramiccioni C, Fioretti D, et al. Asthma, allergy and the Olympics: a 12-year survey in elite athletes. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 15:184.
  11. Teixeira RN, Teixeira LR, Costa LA, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite long-distance runners in Brazil. J Bras Pneumol 2012; 38:292.
  12. Bougault V, Turmel J, Boulet LP. Bronchial challenges and respiratory symptoms in elite swimmers and winter sport athletes: Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: its measurement and clinical significance. Chest 2010; 138:31S.
  13. McFadden ER Jr, Ingram RH Jr. Exercise-induced asthma: Observations on the initiating stimulus. N Engl J Med 1979; 301:763.
  14. Anderson SD, Schoeffel RE, Black JL, Daviskas E. Airway cooling as the stimulus to exercise-induced asthma--a re-evaluation. Eur J Respir Dis 1985; 67:20.
  15. Deal EC Jr, McFadden ER Jr, Ingram RH Jr, et al. Role of respiratory heat exchange in production of exercise-induced asthma. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1979; 46:467.
  16. Kallings LV, Emtner M, Bäcklund L. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in adults with asthma--comparison between running and cycling and between cycling at different air conditions. Ups J Med Sci 1999; 104:191.
  17. Freed AN, Davis MS. Hyperventilation with dry air increases airway surface fluid osmolality in canine peripheral airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:1101.
  18. Reiss TF, Hill JB, Harman E, et al. Increased urinary excretion of LTE4 after exercise and attenuation of exercise-induced bronchospasm by montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist. Thorax 1997; 52:1030.
  19. Hartley JP, Nogrady SG. Effect of an inhaled antihistamine on exercise-induced asthma. Thorax 1980; 35:675.
  20. Hashimoto S, Gon Y, Matsumoto K, et al. Inhalant corticosteroids inhibit hyperosmolarity-induced, and cooling and rewarming-induced interleukin-8 and RANTES production by human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:1075.
  21. Hallstrand TS, Ault KA, Bates PW, et al. Peripheral blood manifestations of T(H)2 lymphocyte activation in stable atopic asthma and during exercise-induced bronchospasm. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998; 80:424.
  22. Kivity S, Argaman A, Onn A, et al. Eosinophil influx into the airways in patients with exercise-induced asthma. Respir Med 2000; 94:1200.
  23. Yoshikawa T, Shoji S, Fujii T, et al. Severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is related to airway eosinophilic inflammation in patients with asthma. Eur Respir J 1998; 12:879.
  24. Gauvreau GM, Ronnen GM, Watson RM, O'Byrne PM. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction does not cause eosinophilic airway inflammation or airway hyperresponsiveness in subjects with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:1302.
  25. De Gouw HW, Marshall-Partridge SJ, Van Der Veen H, et al. Role of nitric oxide in the airway response to exercise in healthy and asthmatic subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001; 90:586.
  26. Scollo M, Zanconato S, Ongaro R, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:1047.
  27. Shin HW, Schwindt CD, Aledia AS, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction alters airway nitric oxide exchange in a pattern distinct from spirometry. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R1741.
  28. Inman MD, Watson RM, Killian KJ, O'Byrne PM. Methacholine airway responsiveness decreases during exercise in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141:1414.
  29. Parsons JP, Hallstrand TS, Mastronarde JG, et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:1016.
  30. Edmunds AT, Tooley M, Godfrey S. The refractory period after exercise-induced asthma: its duration and relation to the severity of exercise. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 117:247.
  31. Manning PJ, Watson RM, O'Byrne PM. Exercise-induced refractoriness in asthmatic subjects involves leukotriene and prostaglandin interdependent mechanisms. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148:950.
  32. Iikura Y, Inui H, Nagakura T, Lee TH. Factors predisposing to exercise-induced late asthmatic responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 75:285.
  33. Rubinstein I, Levison H, Slutsky AS, et al. Immediate and delayed bronchoconstriction after exercise in patients with asthma. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:482.
  34. Chhabra SK, Ojha UC. Late asthmatic response in exercise-induced asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998; 80:323.
  35. Koh YY, Jeong JH, Jin SM, et al. The occurrence of late asthmatic response to exercise after allergen challenge. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998; 81:366.
  36. Tateishi K, Motojima S, Kushima A, et al. Comparison between allergen-induced and exercise-induced asthma with respect to the late asthmatic response, airway responsiveness, and Creola bodies in sputum. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1996; 77:229.
  37. Helenius IJ, Tikkanen HO, Haahtela T. Occurrence of exercise induced bronchospasm in elite runners: dependence on atopy and exposure to cold air and pollen. Br J Sports Med 1998; 32:125.
  38. Karjalainen J, Lindqvist A, Laitinen LA. Seasonal variability of exercise-induced asthma especially outdoors. Effect of birch pollen allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 1989; 19:273.
  39. International Olympic Committee. IOC Consensus Statement on Asthma in Elite Athletes. January 2008. http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_1301.pdf (Accessed on October 29, 2015).
  40. Bonini S, Brusasco V, Carlsen KH, et al. Diagnosis of asthma and permitted use of inhaled beta2-agonists in athletes. Allergy 2004; 59:33.
  41. Anderson SD, Fitch K, Perry CP, et al. Responses to bronchial challenge submitted for approval to use inhaled beta2-agonists before an event at the 2002 Winter Olympics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:45.
  42. Anderson SD, Sue-Chu M, Perry CP, et al. Bronchial challenges in athletes applying to inhale a beta2-agonist at the 2004 Summer Olympics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117:767.
  43. Rundell KW, Anderson SD, Spiering BA, Judelson DA. Field exercise vs laboratory eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation to identify airway hyperresponsiveness in elite cold weather athletes. Chest 2004; 125:909.
  44. Brannan JD, Koskela H, Anderson SD, Chew N. Responsiveness to mannitol in asthmatic subjects with exercise- and hyperventilation-induced asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158:1120.
  45. Boulet LP, O'Byrne PM. Asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:641.
  46. Rundell KW, Slee JB. Exercise and other indirect challenges to demonstrate asthma or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:238.
  47. Nielsen EW, Hull JH, Backer V. High prevalence of exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:2030.
  48. Johansson H, Norlander K, Berglund L, et al. Prevalence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction in a general adolescent population. Thorax 2015; 70:57.
  49. Maat RC, Røksund OD, Halvorsen T, et al. Audiovisual assessment of exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction: reliability and validity of observations. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 266:1929.
  50. Weinberger M, Abu-Hasan M. Pseudo-asthma: when cough, wheezing, and dyspnea are not asthma. Pediatrics 2007; 120:855.
  51. Abu-Hasan M, Tannous B, Weinberger M. Exercise-induced dyspnea in children and adolescents: if not asthma then what? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 94:366.
  52. Hofstra WB, Neijens HJ, Duiverman EJ, et al. Dose-responses over time to inhaled fluticasone propionate treatment of exercise- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol 2000; 29:415.
  53. Freezer NJ, Croasdell H, Doull IJ, Holgate ST. Effect of regular inhaled beclomethasone on exercise and methacholine airway responses in school children with recurrent wheeze. Eur Respir J 1995; 8:1488.
  54. Millqvist E, Bake B, Bengtsson U, Löwhagen O. A breathing filter exchanging heat and moisture prevents asthma induced by cold air. Allergy 1995; 50:225.
  55. Beuther DA, Martin RJ. Efficacy of a heat exchanger mask in cold exercise-induced asthma. Chest 2006; 129:1188.
  56. Stickland MK, Rowe BH, Spooner CH, et al. Effect of warm-up exercise on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:383.
  57. Rundell KW, Spiering BA, Judelson DA, Wilson MH. Bronchoconstriction during cross-country skiing: is there really a refractory period? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35:18.
  58. Rundell KW, Sue-Chu M. Air quality and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2013; 33:409.
  59. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. http://www.ginasthma.org/local/uploads/files/GINA_Report_2015_Aug11.pdf (Accessed on December 03, 2015).
  60. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program: Expert panel report III: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2007. (NIH publication no. 08-4051) www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.htm (Accessed on December 04, 2014).
  61. Bonini M, Di Mambro C, Calderon MA, et al. Beta₂-agonists for exercise-induced asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; :CD003564.
  62. Richter K, Janicki S, Jörres RA, Magnussen H. Acute protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by formoterol, salmeterol and terbutaline. Eur Respir J 2002; 19:865.
  63. Hancox RJ, Subbarao P, Kamada D, et al. Beta2-agonist tolerance and exercise-induced bronchospasm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:1068.
  64. Newnham DM, Ingram CG, Earnshaw J, et al. Salmeterol provides prolonged protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in a majority of subjects with mild, stable asthma. Respir Med 1993; 87:439.
  65. Vilsvik J, Ankerst J, Palmqvist M, et al. Protection against cold air and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction while on regular treatment with Oxis. Respir Med 2001; 95:484.
  66. Inman MD, O'Byrne PM. The effect of regular inhaled albuterol on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:65.
  67. Nelson JA, Strauss L, Skowronski M, et al. Effect of long-term salmeterol treatment on exercise-induced asthma. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:141.
  68. García R, Guerra P, Feo F, et al. Tachyphylaxis following regular use of formoterol in exercise-induced bronchospasm. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2001; 11:176.
  69. Simons FE, Gerstner TV, Cheang MS. Tolerance to the bronchoprotective effect of salmeterol in adolescents with exercise-induced asthma using concurrent inhaled glucocorticoid treatment. Pediatrics 1997; 99:655.
  70. Dryden DM, Spooner CH, Stickland MK, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and asthma. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2010; :1.
  71. Edelman JM, Turpin JA, Bronsky EA, et al. Oral montelukast compared with inhaled salmeterol to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. A randomized, double-blind trial. Exercise Study Group. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132:97.
  72. Stelmach I, Grzelewski T, Majak P, et al. Effect of different antiasthmatic treatments on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:383.
  73. Philip G, Villarán C, Pearlman DS, et al. Protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction two hours after a single oral dose of montelukast. J Asthma 2007; 44:213.
  74. Pearlman DS, van Adelsberg J, Philip G, et al. Onset and duration of protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by a single oral dose of montelukast. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 97:98.
  75. Leff JA, Busse WW, Pearlman D, et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, for the treatment of mild asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:147.
  76. Kemp JP, Dockhorn RJ, Shapiro GG, et al. Montelukast once daily inhibits exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in 6- to 14-year-old children with asthma. J Pediatr 1998; 133:424.
  77. Mastalerz L, Gawlewicz-Mroczka A, Nizankowska E, et al. Protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by montelukast in aspirin-sensitive and aspirin-tolerant patients with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:1360.
  78. Spooner CH, Spooner GR, Rowe BH. Mast-cell stabilising agents to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; :CD002307.
  79. de Benedictis FM, Tuteri G, Bertotto A, et al. Comparison of the protective effects of cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium in the treatment of exercise-induced asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 94:684.
  80. Anderson SD. Single-dose agents in the prevention of exercise-induced asthma: a descriptive review. Treat Respir Med 2004; 3:365.
  81. Jónasson G, Carlsen KH, Hultquist C. Low-dose budesonide improves exercise-induced bronchospasm in schoolchildren. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2000; 11:120.
  82. Jónasson G, Carlsen KH, Blomqvist P. Clinical efficacy of low-dose inhaled budesonide once or twice daily in children with mild asthma not previously treated with steroids. Eur Respir J 1998; 12:1099.
  83. Koh MS, Tee A, Lasserson TJ, Irving LB. Inhaled corticosteroids compared to placebo for prevention of exercise induced bronchoconstriction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; :CD002739.
  84. World Anti-Doping Agency www.wada-ama.org (Accessed on May 19, 2014).
  85. Carlsen KH. Sports in extreme conditions: the impact of exercise in cold temperatures on asthma and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in athletes. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46:796.
  86. Stang J, Couto M, Carlsen KH, Stensrud T. Increased bronchial parasympathetic tone in elite cross-country and biathlon skiers: a randomised crossover study. Br J Sports Med 2014.
  87. Latimer KM, O'Byrne PM, Morris MM, et al. Bronchoconstriction stimulated by airway cooling. Better protection with combined inhalation of terbutaline sulphate and cromolyn sodium than with either alone. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128:440.
  88. Storm van's Gravesande K, Mattes J, Grossklauss E, et al. Preventive effect of 2 and 10 mg of sodium cromoglycate on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Eur J Pediatr 2000; 159:759.
  89. Spooner C, Rowe BH, Saunders LD. Nedocromil sodium in the treatment of exercise-induced asthma: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2000; 16:30.
  90. Spooner CH, Saunders LD, Rowe BH. Nedocromil sodium for preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; :CD001183.
  91. Reisman J, Schachter HM, Dales RE, et al. Treating asthma with omega-3 fatty acids: where is the evidence? A systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med 2006; 6:26.
  92. Mickleborough TD, Lindley MR, Ionescu AA, Fly AD. Protective effect of fish oil supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Chest 2006; 129:39.
  93. Brannan JD, Bood J, Alkhabaz A, et al. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on bronchial hyperresponsiveness, sputum eosinophilia, and mast cell mediators in asthma. Chest 2015; 147:397.
  94. Hemilä H. The effect of vitamin C on bronchoconstriction and respiratory symptoms caused by exercise: a review and statistical analysis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2014; 10:58.
  95. Milan SJ, Hart A, Wilkinson M. Vitamin C for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; :CD010391.
  96. Ellis EF. Inhibition of exercise-induced asthma by theophylline. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984; 73:690.
  97. Fuglsang G, Hertz B, Holm EB. No protection by oral terbutaline against exercise-induced asthma in children: a dose-response study. Eur Respir J 1993; 6:527.
  98. Bianco S, Vaghi A, Robuschi M, Pasargiklian M. Prevention of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by inhaled frusemide. Lancet 1988; 2:252.
  99. Melillo E, Woolley KL, Manning PJ, et al. Effect of inhaled PGE2 on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:1138.
  100. Shimizu T, Mochizuki H, Shigeta M, Morikawa A. Effect of inhaled indomethacin on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:170.
  101. Ahmed T, Gonzalez BJ, Danta I. Prevention of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by inhaled low-molecular-weight heparin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:576.
  102. Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, et al. Treatment of exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in sports and the relationship to doping: Part II of the report from the Joint Task Force of European Respiratory Society (ERS) and European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA(2)LEN. Allergy 2008; 63:492.
  103. Dickinson J, Molphy J, Chester N, et al. The ergogenic effect of long-term use of high dose salbutamol. Clin J Sport Med 2014; 24:474.