儿童急性上气道阻塞的紧急评估
- Author
- Laura L Loftis, MD
Laura L Loftis, MD
- Associate Professor of Pediatrics
- Baylor College of Medicine
- Section Editors
- Stephen J Teach, MD, MPH
Stephen J Teach, MD, MPH
- Section Editor — Pediatric Signs and Symptoms
- Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
- Adrienne G Randolph, MD, MSc
Adrienne G Randolph, MD, MSc
- Section Editor — Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
- Professor of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics
- Harvard Medical School
- Deputy Editor
- James F Wiley, II, MD, MPH
James F Wiley, II, MD, MPH
- Senior Deputy Editor — UpToDate
- Deputy Editor — Adult and Pediatric Emergency Medicine
- Deputy Editor — Primary Care Sports Medicine (Adolescents and Adults)
- Clinical Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine/Traumatology
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine
引言
任何原因导致的急性上气道阻塞均可成为危及生命的紧急情况。完全性阻塞将导致呼吸衰竭，随后在数分钟发生心脏停搏。这种情况需立即积极应对。
相比之下，部分性阻塞儿童初始时可能有足够的气道。但这种情况可迅速恶化。在这些情况下，最适当的干预可能是提供支持治疗并调动资源进行确定性气道处理。
与成人相比，婴儿和幼儿的气道较窄，可迅速发生有临床意义的上气道阻塞。因为这些年幼患者呼吸储备较少，故气道阻塞导致的呼吸功增加可迅速进展为呼吸衰竭。因此，迅速识别气道损害并启动适当治疗措施对于预防呼吸功能进行性恶化和改善结局是必要的。
本专题将总结儿童急性严重上气道阻塞的紧急诊断和治疗方法。急性呼吸窘迫儿童的紧急评估以及与喘鸣、慢性上气道问题和儿科困难气道的气道处理技术相关的问题将单独讨论。
- (参见“儿童急性呼吸窘迫的紧急评估和初始稳定措施”)
- (参见“儿童喘鸣的评估”)
- (参见“Hoarseness in children: Evaluation”)
- (参见“儿童困难气道”)
- (参见“处理儿童困难气管插管的装置”)
- (参见“儿童困难气道处理的紧急救援装置”)
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