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急性肾损伤(急性肾衰竭)或慢性肾脏病患者的诊断方法

Authors
Pedram Fatehi, MD, MPH
Chi-yuan Hsu, MD, MSc
Section Editor
Gary C Curhan, MD, ScD
Deputy Editor
Alice M Sheridan, MD
Translators
赵新菊, 副主任医师

引言

肾脏病患者可能出现多种不同的临床表现。有些患者存在可直接归结于肾脏(肉眼血尿)或相关的肾外表现(水肿、高血压、尿毒症的体征)的症状或体征。很多患者并无症状，偶然被发现血清肌酐浓度升高、尿液检查异常(如蛋白尿或镜下血尿)或肾脏影像学检查异常。特定疾病的病程更可能为急性或慢性，进而可缩小肾脏相关临床表现相似患者的鉴别诊断范围。

肾脏病患者的诊断方法概述见此专题。此诊断方法的主要组成部分为：

●详细的病史采集及细致的体格检查

●通过估计肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate, GFR)评价肾功能(参见下文‘评估’)

●仔细的尿液检查(通过定性的化学检验和显微镜镜检)，因为尿检结果可以缩小鉴别诊断范围(表 1) (参见下文‘尿液分析结果’)

                           

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Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2016-09-15.
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