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肛门括约肌破坏的延迟手术治疗

Author
Liliana Bordeianou, MD, MPH
Section Editor
Martin Weiser, MD
Deputy Editor
Kristen Eckler, MD, FACOG
Translators
刘建平, 主任医师

引言

大便失禁是肛门无意识的排气或排便。关于女性大便失禁的发生率是否高于男性,数据不一致[1,2]。大便失禁在40-59岁女性中的发生率为9%,在80岁以上女性中的发生率高达21%[3]。遗憾的是,由于患者不报告这种症状,临床医生常没发现大便失禁。大便失禁引起的情绪、心理和社会问题可能是毁灭性的,可严重影响患者的日常活动能力,也带来很大的经济负担[4]。 (参见“成人大便失禁”,关于‘流行病学’一节)

大便失禁在健康女性中最常见的原因是产科创伤,可导致肛门括约肌的机械性破坏或支配神经发生损伤。上述损害可能是隐匿性的,症状可能直到分娩后多年才出现[5,6]。直肠阴道瘘是大便失禁的另一个原因,它可能在肛门括约肌3度或4度撕裂伤修复伤口的裂开后发生。 (参见“Effect of pregnancy and childbirth on anal sphincter function and fecal incontinence”“会阴切开术方法概述”,关于‘并发症’一节“直肠阴道瘘、肛门阴道瘘和结肠膀胱瘘”)

本文将总结肛门括约肌破坏的延迟修复。肛门括约肌的解剖学和生理学,肛门括约肌功能障碍的发病机制,以及大便失禁患者的评估将单独讨论。(参见“成人大便失禁”)分娩相关肛门括约肌损伤的一期手术修复也将单独讨论。 (参见“分娩时会阴切开术及会阴撕伤的修补”)

临床表现

慢性3度和4度肛门括约肌撕裂伤可由未被发现的产科创伤,或产后一期会阴修复伤口裂开引起。患慢性3度或4度肛门括约肌撕裂伤的女性常诉其有大便急迫感,可出现肛门排出气体、黏液、液体,甚至固体粪便的失禁症状。症状的严重程度至少部分取决于撕裂的大小,但也取决于残余括约肌的数量和功能情况[7]。

体格检查 — 患慢性4度肛门括约肌撕裂伤的女性常有会阴中心腱(亦称会阴体)以及肛门内括约肌和外括约肌的完全破坏。括约肌复合体的破坏发生在前方,因而在很多患者中,撕裂在体格检查中易发现。偶有撕裂不明显:单纯体格检查在大便失禁女性中撕裂的漏诊率可高达25%[8]。因此,肛门超声应始终作为大便失禁评估的一项内容,并且在所有手术修复前完成。(参见下文‘术前诊断性检查’)此外,直肠阴道膈往往比较薄弱。肛门黏膜通常直接邻近远端的阴道上皮;但在一些女性,一层薄薄的会阴皮肤存在于阴道上皮和肛门上皮之间。

                       

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Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2017-06-09.
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