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先天性肾盂输尿管交界处梗阻

Author
Laurence S Baskin, MD, FAAP
Section Editor
Duncan Wilcox, MD
Deputy Editor
Melanie S Kim, MD
Translators
张弛, 副主任医师

引言

肾盂输尿管交界处(ureteropelvic junction, UPJ)梗阻是输尿管进入肾脏的部位发生尿流部分或全部受阻。UPJ梗阻可由先天性和后天性原因导致。UPJ梗阻是产前检查出的肾积水的最常见病因。

先天性UPJ梗阻的流行病学、病理生理学、临床特点和处理将总结在此。

流行病学

据报道，常规产前超声筛查的UPJ梗阻的发生率是1/500例活产儿，但并不是所有的病例均需要外科干预[1,2]。UPJ梗阻是产前肾积水的最常见解剖学原因。一项回顾性研究显示，产前超声显示每1500例胎儿中可发现1例影响功能的UPJ梗阻[3]。

男孩UPJ梗阻比女孩更常见[3,4]。左侧的发生率高于右侧。研究报告的双侧受累比例为10%-40% [1,4]。

病理生理

先天性UPJ梗阻是由于解剖病变或功能障碍限制了尿液通过UPJ，从而导致肾积水(图 1和图片 1)[1]。现认为大部分病例的原因是部分梗阻，因为完全梗阻会导致肾脏被快速破坏。某些患者即使是部分梗阻也可造成进行性肾功能恶化。然而，许多婴儿可能会出现肾功能保持稳定的平衡状态。

                                

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Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2016-09-15.
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