高钙血症的临床表现
- Author
- Elizabeth Shane, MD
Elizabeth Shane, MD
- Professor of Medicine
- Columbia University Medical Center
- Section Editor
- Clifford J Rosen, MD
Clifford J Rosen, MD
- Section Editor — Bone Disease
- Professor of Nutrition
- University of Maine
- Professor of Medicine
- Tufts University School of Medicine
- Deputy Editor
- Jean E Mulder, MD
Jean E Mulder, MD
- Senior Deputy Editor — UpToDate
- Deputy Editor — Endocrinology
- Instructor in Medicine
- Harvard Medical School
引言
高钙血症可由多种疾病引起,但多数情况下它由原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症和恶性肿瘤引起。(参见“高钙血症的病因”)高钙血症和一系列临床表现相关(表 1),如果高钙血症是轻度和/或慢性的,患者几乎没有症状;如果高钙血症是重度和/或急性的,患者会有意识模糊和昏迷[1]。高钙血症相关的症状和体征通常和病因无关[1]。
轻度高钙血症患者[钙浓度<12mg/dL(3mmol/L)]可能无症状或患者可报告非特异性症状如便秘、疲劳及抑郁。血清钙浓度长期为12-14mg/dL(3-3.5mmol/L)的患者耐受良好,而急速升高至此浓度可能引发明显的症状,包括多尿、多饮、脱水、厌食、恶心、肌无力及感觉改变。对于重度高钙血症患者[钙浓度>14mg/dL(3.5mmol/L)],这些症状常常加重[1,2]。
本专题将总结与高钙血症直接相关的症状。与甲状旁腺功能亢进症更直接相关的临床表现以及高钙血症的诊断方法和治疗将单独讨论。 (参见“原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的临床表现”和“高钙血症诊断方法”和“高钙血症的治疗”)
神经精神障碍
高钙血症和若干轻度神经精神障碍相关,多见于原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者。最常见的症状有焦虑、抑郁及认知功能障碍。有报告显示,这些症状中的一些或全部在纠正甲状旁腺功能亢进后得到缓解,但这些报告无对照病例,因此难以评估。 (参见“原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的临床表现”,关于‘神经精神性障碍’一节和“原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的治疗”,关于‘神经精神症状’一节)
任何原因引起重度高钙血症[钙>14mg/dL(3.5mmol/L)]的患者可能出现更严重的症状,包括嗜睡、意识模糊、木僵及昏迷[1]。这些症状更可能出现于老年患者及血钙浓度快速升高的患者[2,3]。
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To continue reading this article, you must log in with your personal, hospital, or group practice subscription. For more information or to purchase a personal subscription, click below on the option that best describes you:Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2017-04-24.The content on the UpToDate website is not intended nor recommended as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your own physician or other qualified health care professional regarding any medical questions or conditions. The use of this website is governed by the UpToDate Terms of Use ©2017 UpToDate, Inc.References- Shane, E, Dinaz, I. Hypercalcemia: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and managment. In: Favus, MJ, ed. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. Sixth ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. 2006; 26:176.
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