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寡妇蜘蛛咬伤的临床表现和诊断

Authors
David L Swanson, MD
Richard S Vetter, MS
Julian White, AM, MB, BS, MD, FACTM
Section Editors
Stephen J Traub, MD
Daniel F Danzl, MD
Deputy Editor
James F Wiley, II, MD, MPH
Translators
刘斯, 副主任医师

引言

本专题将总结寡妇蜘蛛(毒蛛属)的生物学及其咬伤的临床表现、诊断和鉴别诊断。寡妇蜘蛛咬伤的治疗、蜘蛛咬伤的概述、以及其他种类蜘蛛咬伤的治疗将单独讨论。 (参见“对疑似蜘蛛咬伤患者的诊治：概述”和“隐斜蛛咬伤”)

蜘蛛学

寡妇蜘蛛和假寡妇蜘蛛均具有医学意义，但是前者的咬伤通常受到更多的关注。

寡妇蜘蛛(毒蛛属) — 寡妇蜘蛛属于球腹蛛科毒蛛属。毒蛛中毒这一术语是指寡妇蜘蛛咬伤的医学表现[1,2]。 (参见“对疑似蜘蛛咬伤患者的诊治：概述”)

全世界共发现大约30种寡妇蜘蛛[3]。不是所有寡妇蜘蛛都咬伤人类，但这可能部分因为蜘蛛的分布远离人类。大多数严重咬伤由雌性寡妇蜘蛛所致。雄性寡妇蜘蛛的毒液较少、毒牙较小、咬肌力量较弱。

鉴别 — 大多数成年寡妇蜘蛛身体呈有光泽的黑色伴红色斑纹，但是并非全部都是。美洲寡妇蜘蛛总身长范围在5-15 mm(0.25-0.5英寸)，腹部直径大约10 mm(0.5英寸)。下列是具有医学意义的最常见寡妇蜘蛛种类：

                      

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Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2016-03-16.
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