原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退症的病因(Addison病)
- Author
- Lynnette K Nieman, MD
Lynnette K Nieman, MD
- Section Editor — Adrenal Disease
- Senior Investigator
- Bethesda, MD
- Section Editor
- André Lacroix, MD
André Lacroix, MD
- Section Editor — Adrenal Disease
- Professor of Medicine
- University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Deputy Editor
- Kathryn A Martin, MD
Kathryn A Martin, MD
- Senior Deputy Editor — UpToDate
- Deputy Editor — Endocrinology and Patient Education
- Assistant Professor of Medicine
- Harvard Medical School
引言
当Thomas Addison描述原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退症时(现在该疾病以他的名字命名)[1],结核破坏双侧肾上腺是其最常见的病因。现在结核仅占7%-20%,自身免疫性疾病占70%-90%,剩余病例由其他感染性疾病,转移癌或淋巴瘤侵犯,肾上腺出血、梗死,或者药物引起(表 1)[2-5]。播散型结核或真菌感染在高度流行的人群中依然是肾上腺皮质功能减退症的一个主要致病原因,但由于结核病已经得到了比过去更好的控制,Addison病的总体发病率已经下降[6]。Addison病在西方国家的患病率估计为每百万人35-60例,但有3项研究表明患病率也可高达每百万人144例[7-9]。
该专题将概述原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退症的主要病因。更罕见地病因将单独讨论。更罕见的疾病,如肾上腺脑白质营养不良症/肾上腺脊髓神经病,主要是出现在婴儿期或儿童期的遗传性疾病。 (参见“肾上腺脑白质营养不良症”和“肾上腺皮质功能减退症的罕见病因”)
自身免疫性肾上腺炎
肾上腺皮质破坏 — 长期被称为“特发性”原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退症,是由破坏肾上腺皮质的自身免疫过程引起。有证据证明由体液和细胞介导的免疫机制直接作用于肾上腺皮质,并与其他内分泌腺的自身免疫性破坏有关(被称为自身免疫性多发内分泌腺病综合征)。高达86%的自身免疫性原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退症患者血清中出现抗体[抗-21-羟化酶(anti-21-OHase [9])],这些抗体可以和几种类固醇合成酶(最常见的是21-羟化酶)及肾上腺皮质的三个带相互作用,但很少出现在其他原因所致的肾上腺皮质功能减退症患者中和正常人中[9,10]。但是,自身免疫性原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退症患者有高达10%的一级亲属表达这些抗体,他们发生肾上腺皮质功能减退症的风险增加[10]。 (参见“自身免疫性肾上腺(皮质)功能减退症的发病机制”)
性别差异 — 自身免疫性肾上腺皮质功能减退症作为一种自身免疫性多发内分泌腺病综合征的一部分时,绝大多数患者为女性(70%)。与之相对,单纯自身免疫性肾上腺皮质功能减退症患者,在20岁以前以男性为主(71%),20-30岁人群中男女比例相当,此后以女性为主(81%)[11]。性别差异的原因尚不清楚。
早期表现 — 自身免疫性肾上腺皮质功能减退症的最初证据通常是血浆肾素活性增加伴血清醛固酮浓度正常或偏低,提示球状带首先受累[12,13]。数月至数年后,束状带功能不全变得明显:首先血清皮质醇对促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH)刺激的反应降低,然后基础血清ACTH浓度增加,最终基础血清皮质醇浓度降低并出现症状[12,14]。
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To continue reading this article, you must log in with your personal, hospital, or group practice subscription. For more information or to purchase a personal subscription, click below on the option that best describes you:Literature review current through: 2017-07 . | This topic last updated: 2016-02-23.The content on the UpToDate website is not intended nor recommended as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your own physician or other qualified health care professional regarding any medical questions or conditions. The use of this website is governed by the UpToDate Terms of Use ©2017 UpToDate, Inc.References- Addison T. On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules, Highley, London 1855.
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