儿童急性呼吸功能损害的原因
- Author
- Debra L Weiner, MD, PhD
Debra L Weiner, MD, PhD
- Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
- Harvard Medical School
- Section Editor
- Gary R Fleisher, MD
Gary R Fleisher, MD
- Editor-in-Chief — Adult and Pediatric Emergency Medicine
- Section Editor — Pediatric Signs and Symptoms
- Egan Family Foundation Professor
- Harvard Medical School
- Deputy Editor
- James F Wiley, II, MD, MPH
James F Wiley, II, MD, MPH
- Senior Deputy Editor — UpToDate
- Deputy Editor — Adult and Pediatric Emergency Medicine
- Deputy Editor — Primary Care Sports Medicine (Adolescents and Adults)
- Clinical Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine/Traumatology
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine
引言
呼吸窘迫是儿童就医的最常见主诉之一，占儿科急诊病例的近10%，住院病例的20%[1]。
对于儿童，尤其是新生儿和婴儿的呼吸功能损害，必须迅速识别并积极治疗，因为儿童可能很快出现疲劳和/或失代偿。呼吸骤停是儿童心脏骤停最为常见的原因。同成人相比，加剧儿童呼吸功能损害的因素主要包括呼吸道较小、新陈代谢需求较高、呼吸储备少和代偿机制不足等。 (参见“儿童紧急气道管理的儿科注意事项”)
本专题将总结儿童急性呼吸功能损害的病因。关于儿童急性呼吸功能损害和儿童严重上气道梗阻治疗方法的详细讨论参见其他专题。 (参见“儿童急性呼吸窘迫的紧急评估和初始稳定措施”和“儿童急性上气道阻塞的紧急评估”)
其他相关问题，包括儿童呼吸功能和循环功能损害的初始评估和稳定化和气道处理技术[包括快速气管插管法(rapid sequence intubation,RSI)]以及引发新生儿呼吸窘迫的情况，将单独讨论：
- (参见“呼吸或循环功能损害儿童的初始评估和稳定措施”)
- (参见“Basic airway management in children”)
- (参见“儿童急诊气管插管”)
- (参见“儿童的快速顺序插管”)
- (参见“新生儿呼吸窘迫概述：过渡期疾病”)
- (参见“胎粪吸入综合征的临床特征和诊断”)
- (参见“早产儿呼吸暂停的发病机制、临床表现及诊断”)
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