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成人紧张症的流行病学、临床特征、评估和诊断

Author
M Justin Coffey, MD
Section Editors
Peter P Roy-Byrne, MD
Stephen Marder, MD
Deputy Editor
David Solomon, MD
Translators
罗庆华, 副主任医师

引言

紧张症是一种行为综合征，其特征是不能正常活动，可发生在很多基础精神障碍和一般躯体疾病的情况下[1]。在精神疾病分类中，没有将紧张症概念化为一种独立的诊断类别[2,3]，而是将术语紧张症用于指定基础疾病的一种亚型，类似于术语“精神病性特征”。(然而，一些专家把紧张症视为一种作为独立诊断的综合征[4]。)

识别紧张症很重要，因为治疗基础疾病可能导致或加重紧张症。例如，用于双相障碍或精神病性障碍的抗精神病药物可能加重紧张症[5]。

本专题将总结紧张症的流行病学、发病机制、临床特征、评估和诊断，以及可进展为紧张症的疾病。紧张症的治疗和预后将单独讨论。 (参见“成人紧张症：治疗和预后”)

流行病学

目前主要在急性精神科住院患者中对紧张症的估计发病率进行了研究[2]。根据在不同精神科病房进行的为期1-12个月的前瞻性研究，紧张症的发病率约为10%，但估计其范围为5%-20%[6-14]。该发病率范围的部分原因可能是由于研究方法的差异，包括如何定义紧张症。可能未识别出该综合征，导致得出该综合征很罕见的错误结论。一项荷兰的研究纳入了139例急性精神病性住院患者，治疗组紧张症的诊断率只有研究组的1/9(2% vs 18%)[8]。

目前尚不清楚紧张症是否存在任何社会人口统计学危险因素。在单相重性抑郁或双相障碍患者中(与其他疾病患者相比)，紧张症似乎更常见[6]。此外，在既往曾发作的患者中，可能更常出现紧张症。 (参见下文‘基础疾病’和‘复发’)

               

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Literature review current through: 2017-07 . | This topic last updated: 2016-12-08.
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