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对成人不明原因血小板减少的认识

Authors
James N George, MD
Donald M Arnold, MD, MSc
Section Editor
Lawrence LK Leung, MD
Deputy Editor
Jennifer S Tirnauer, MD
Translators
陈勤奋, 副主任医师,副教授

引言

血小板减少可见于多种情况,相关风险范围可以从危及生命到完全没有风险。首次发作时,可能原因不明,且血小板计数的变化趋势可能也未知。临床医生需要区别血小板减少的多种可能原因并确定出血、血栓形成和其他潜在并发症的风险。

这里我们讨论的是我们对成人不明原因血小板减少患者的处理方法,根据临床表现进行分类(如无症状患者、存在其他状况的患者、重病住院治疗的患者)。该方法可供初级保健医生和提供咨询的血液病学家使用。新生儿和儿童血小板减少症,以及妊娠期间血小板减少症将单独讨论。 (参见“新生儿血小板减少症的病因”“儿童血小板减少症的病因”“妊娠期血小板减少”)

定义和关注的领域

何谓低血小板计数 — 血小板减少定义为血小板计数低于正常低限[即在成人中为<150,000/μL(150x109/L)]。血小板减少的程度可进一步细分为轻度(血小板计数为100,000-150,000/μL)、中度(50,000-99,000/μL)和重度(<50,000/μL)[1]。重度血小板减少症发生出血的风险较大,但血小板计数和出血风险之间的相关性因基础情况而不同,也许不可预测。 (参见下文‘何时担心出血’)

正常成人血小板计数为150,000-450,000/μL,女性和男性的平均值分别为266,000/μL237,000/μL[2]。尽管血小板计数在人群中差异很大,但血小板计数在具体个体中的变化却是有限的。例如,一项纳入3789例受试者的连续血小板计数结果的研究发现,个体的血小板计数波动范围相对较窄;受试者中血小板计数的差异大于98,000/μL的发生率不到0.1%[2]。值得注意的是,血小板计数会出现轻度的季节性变化,秋/冬季比春/夏季约高5000/μL。这种正常值范围宽、个体值范围窄以及连续分布的情况对于评估任何个体患者的血小板计数有所提示:

小部分人群(约2.5%)的血小板计数基线值低于150,000/μL,因为正常值通常是基于均值的95%可信区间来确定的。

                          

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Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2017-01-09.
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