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透析患者的麻醉

Authors
Jeremy P Campbell, MB, ChB (Hons.), MRCS, FRCA
Jonathan M Cousins, BSc, MBBS, FRCA, FFICM
Section Editors
Michael Avidan, MD
Stephanie B Jones, MD
Jeffrey S Berns, MD
Deputy Editors
Nancy A Nussmeier, MD, FAHA
Alice M Sheridan, MD
Translators
周大春, 主任医师

引言

终末期肾病(end-stage renal disease, ESRD)在世界范围内是一个日益严峻的问题[1](参见“慢性肾脏病的流行病学”)。在美国，超过90%的ESRD患者正在接受血液透析，而不足10%的ESRD患者则正在接受腹膜透析。透析依赖患者可能会因多种可预见的原因而需要手术，这些原因包括血管通路手术、甲状旁腺切除术和肾移植。患者也可能会因为与其ESRD无关的原因而需要接受择期或急诊手术。

本专题总结了透析患者的麻醉前会诊、麻醉及术后早期的管理。这类患者的术前内科治疗将在别处详细讨论(参见“进行手术的透析患者的内科处理”)。接受肾移植的透析依赖患者的麻醉管理也将单独讨论。 (参见“肾移植受者的麻醉前会诊”)

透析：液体和电解质管理

一般考虑 — 血液透析和腹膜透析是肾脏替代治疗，用于从循环中清除代谢废物和过多的容量(钠和水)，并用于纠正某些酸碱异常和电解质异常。接受维持性血液透析的患者通常在择期手术的24-48小时之前已接受了透析。而接受非择期手术的血液透析患者则可能在就诊前长达72小时时就已接受了透析。接受腹膜透析的患者通常接受的是每日腹膜透析，并且可能在手术即将进行之前仍在接受透析。 (参见“进行手术的透析患者的内科处理”，关于‘术前常规透析’一节)

术前麻醉评估包括明确以下细节：

●透析类型(血液透析、腹膜透析)

                                                      

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Literature review current through: 2017-06 . | This topic last updated: 2016-01-07.
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