UpToDate
Official reprint from UpToDate®
www.uptodate.com ©2017 UpToDate®

Rheumatology Peer Reviewers

Graciela S Alarcón, MD, MPH

Jane Knight Lowe Chair of Medicine in Rheumatology

University of Alabama at Birmingham

Disclosure: Consultant/Advisory Boards: Lupus Clinical Trials Consortium [Lupus].

Roy D Altman, MD

Professor of Medicine

University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Anthony A Amato, MD

Professor of Neurology

Harvard Medical School

Disclosure: Consultant/Advisory Boards: Novartis [Myositis]; Acceleron [Muscular dystrophy]; Akashi [Muscular dystrophy].

Eldad Ben-Chetrit, MD

Professor of Medicine

Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School

Disclosure: Consultant/Advisory Boards: Novartis [FMF (Canakinumab)].

Philip E Blazar, MD

Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery

Harvard Medical School

Disclosure: Consultant/Advisory Boards: Endo Pharmaceuticals [Dupuytren's contracture (Collagenase clostridium histolyticum)].

Dennis W Boulware, MD

Professor of Medicine

University of Alabama at Birmingham

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Jerry D Brewer, MD

Assistant Professor of Dermatology

Mayo Clinic College of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Jeffrey Callen, MD, FACP, FAAD

Editor-in-Chief — Dermatology

Section Editor — Skin and Systemic Disease

Professor of Medicine

University of Louisville School of Medicine

Disclosure: Speaker's Bureau: Biogen [Cutaneous drug reactions in patients with multiple sclerosis]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Biogen [Cutaneous reaction presentations for neurologists]; AbbVie [Pyoderma gangrenosum (Potential future drugs)]; Janssen Biotech [Drug safety (Ustekinumab)]; CSL Limited [Neutrophilic dermatoses (Potential future drugs)]; Elekta [Nonmelanoma skin cancer (Radiation therapy)]; Castle Biosciences [Melanoma (Diagnostic test)]; Pfizer [Psoriasis (Tofacitinib)]; Xoma [Pyoderma gangrenosum (Biologic agent)]; Leo Pharma [Psoriasis (Topical calcipotriene/betamethasone foam)]; Argenx [Pemphigus (Potential future drugs)]. Equity Ownership/Stock Ownership: Celgene; Pfizer; 3M; Johnson and Johnson; Merck; Abbott Laboratories; AbbVie; Procter and Gamble; CVS; Walgreens [Various dermatologic conditions (Thalidomide, apremilast, etanercept, adalimumab, tofacitinib)]. Equity Ownership/Stock Ownership (Spouse): Allergen; Celgene; Pfizer; 3M; Johnson and Johnson; Merck; Abbott Laboratories; AbbVie; Procter and Gamble; Amgen; CVS; Walgreens [Various dermatologic conditions (Thalidomide, apremilast, etanercept, adalimumab, tofacitinib)].

Amy Cannella, MD, MS, RhMSUS

Associate Professor of Internal Medicine

Rheumatology Fellowship Program Director

University of Nebraska Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Daniel Clauw, MD

Professor of Anesthesiology and Medicine (Rheumatology)

The University of Michigan

Disclosure: Consultant/Advisory Boards: Abbott [Fibromyalgia]; Cerephex [Fibromyalgia]; Eli Lilly [Fibromyalgia]; Forest Labs [Fibromyalgia]; Johnson & Johnson [Fibromyalgia]; Merck [Fibromyalgia]; Pfizer [Fibromyalgia (Pregabalin)]; Purdue Pharma [Fibromyalgia]; Samumed [Fibromyalgia]; Theravance [Fibromyalgia]; Tonix [Fibromyalgia]; UCB [Fibromyalgia]; Zynerba [Fibromyalgia].

Jonathan Coblyn, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Director of Clinical Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Stanley Cohen, MD

Clinical Professor of Medicine

University of Texas Southwestern Medical School

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: AbbVie [Rheumatoid arthritis (Adalimumab)]; Amgen [Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis (Etanercept, adalimumab)]; Astellas [Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis]; BMS [Rheumatoid arthritis (Abatacept)]; Boehringer Ingleheim [Rheumatoid arthritis (adalimumab)]; Janssen [Rheumatoid arthritis (Infliximab)]; Lilly [Rheumatoid arthritis (Baricitinib)]; Medac [Rheumatoid arthritis (Methotrexate)]; Novartis [Psoriatic arthritis (Secukinumab)]; Pfizer [Rheumatoid arthritis (Tofacitinib, adalimumab, rituximab)]; Roche [Rheumatoid arthritis (Tocilizumab)]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: AbbVie [Rheumatoid arthritis (Adalimumab)]; Amgen [Rheumatoid arthritis (Etanercept)]; Astellas [Rheumatoid arthritis]; BMS [Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis (Abatacept)]; Lilly [Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis (Baricitinib, rituximab)]; Sandoz [Rheumatoid arthritis (Rituximab)].

Reza Dana, MD, MPH, MSc

Claes Dohlman Professor of Ophthalmology

Harvard Medical School

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Allergan [Ocular surface inflammation]; Dompe [Neurotrophic keratopathy]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Shire [Dry eyes]. Equity Ownership/Stock: Vision Medicines.

Charles Day, MD, MBA

Associate Professor Orthopedic Surgery

Harvard Medical School

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Filip De Keyser, MD, PhD

Professor of Rheumatology

Ghent University

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Paul F Dellaripa, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine

Harvard Medical School

Disclosure: Consultant/Advisory Boards: Boehringer Ingelheim [Interstitial lung disease (nintedanib)].

Arturo Diaz, MD

Instructor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Disclosure: Other Financial Interest: Novartis [Autoinflammatory diseases (Canakinumab)].

William P Docken, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine

Harvard Medical School

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Petros Efthimiou, MD

Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine

Weill Cornell Medical College

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Doruk Erkan, MD, MPH

Associate Attending Rheumatologist, Hospital for Special Surgery

Associate Professor of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Lupus Clinical Trials Consortium; GlaxoSmithKline [Lupus (Belimumab)]; EMD Serono [lupus]; National Institutes of Health [Antiphospholipid syndrome]; Hospital for Special Surgery Medical Education Academy [Antiphospholipid syndrome].

David A Fox, MD

Professor of Internal Medicine

University of Michigan

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Regeneron [Rheumatoid arthritis (Interleukin-6/anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibodies)].

Allan Gibofsky, MD, JD, FACP, FCLM

Professor of Medicine and Public Health

Weill Medical College of Cornell University

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Andreas H Gomoll, MD

Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery

Harvard Medical School

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Simon M Helfgott, MD

Section Editor — General Rheumatology and Related Topics

Associate Professor of Medicine

Harvard Medical School

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Ariane Herrick, MD

Senior Lecturer in Rheumatology

University of Manchester

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Actelion [Systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud phenomenon (Bosentan)]. Speaker's Bureau: Actelion [Systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud phenomenon (Bosentan)]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Actelion [Systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud phenomenon (Bosentan)]; Apricus [Rayva (topical alprostadil)].

Marc C Hochberg, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine

University of Maryland School of Medicine

Disclosure: Consultant/Advisory Boards: Bayer HealthCare [Osteoarthritis (Naproxen)]; Bristol Myers Squibb [Rheumatoid arthritis (abatacept)]; EMD Serono [Osteoarthritis (FGF-18)]; Novartis Pharma AG [Osteoarthritis (Diclofenac)]; Pfizer [Osteoarthritis (Tanezumab)]. Equity Ownership/Stock Options: Therologix LLC [Rheumatology (Nutritional supplements)].

Roland Jonsson, DMD, PhD

Professor of Medicine

University of Bergen

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Cees GM Kallenberg, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine

Univerity Hospital Groningen

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Arthur Kavanaugh, MD

Professor of Medicine

University of California at San Diego School of Medicine

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: AbbVie [Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis (adalimumab)]; Amgen [Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis (etanercept)]; Janssen [Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis (golimumab, ustekinumab)]; UCB [Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis (certolizumab pegol)]; Novartis [Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis (secukinumab)]; Celgene [Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis (apremilast)]; Pfizer [Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis (tofacitinib)]; Sanofi [Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis (sarilumab)].

Jonathan Kay, MD

Timothy S. and Elaine L. Peterson Chair in Rheumatology

Professor of Medicine and Director of Clinical Research, Rheumatology

University of Massachusetts Medical School

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: AbbVie [Felty's syndrome (Adalimumab)]; Pfizer [Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (Infliximab-dyyb, tofacitinib)]; Genentech [Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (Rituximab, tocilizumab)]; Roche Laboratories [Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (Rituximab, tocilizumab)]; UCB [Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (Certolizumab pegol)]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Amgen [Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (Adalimumab-atto, etanercept, filgrastim)]; AbbVie [Felty's Syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (Adalimumab)]; Bristol-Myers Squibb [Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (Abatacept)]; Genentech [Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (Rituximab, tocilizumab)]; Janssen Biotech [Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (Infliximab)]; Pfizer [Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (Infliximab-dyyb, tofacitinib)]; Roche Laboratories [Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (Rituximab, tocilizumab)]; Sandoz [Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (Etanercept-szzs, filgrastim-sndz)]; UCB [Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (Certolizumab pegol)].

Munther A Khamashta, MD, FRCP, PhD

Professor

King's College London

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Muhammad Asim Khan, MD, FRCP, MACP, MACR

Professor Emeritus of Medicine

Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland, OH

Disclosure: Speaker's Bureau: AbbVie [Ankylosing spondylitis (Adalimumab)]; Novartis [Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis (Secukinumab)]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Pfizer [Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis (Etanercept)]; Janssen [Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis (Golimumab)]; Novartis [Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis (Secukinumab)].

Joel M Kremer, MD

Pfaff Family Professor and Chair in Medicine

The Albany Medical College

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Robert Lahita, MD, PhD

Chairman of Medicine

Newark Beth Israel Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Thomas P Loughran, Jr, MD

Director, University of Virginia Cancer Center

University of Virginia

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Jamal A Mikdashi, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Medicine

University of Maryland School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Marianna Newkirk, PhD

Associate Professor of Medicine

McGill University

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Nicolò Pipitone, MD, PhD

Consultant Rheumatologist

U.O. di Reumatologia

Disclosure: Consultant/Advisory Boards: GSK [Giant cell arteritis (sirukumab)].

David S Pisetsky, MD, PhD

Section Editor — Lupus

Professor of Medicine and Immunology

Duke University Medical Center

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Pfizer [Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Celgene [Psoriatic arthritis (Apremilast); Lupus (Phase 2 study of CC-220)]; ImmunArray [Antinuclear antibodies (SLE molecular diagnostic test)]; Pfizer [Basic immunology, lupus (Tofacitinib, anti-IL6 trial)].

Manuel Ramos-Casals, MD, PhD

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Anthony M Reginato, MD, PhD

Instructor of Medicine

Harvard Medical School

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

John D Reveille, MD

Professor and Director, Division of Rheumatology

The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Janssen [Ankylosing spondylitis (Golimumab)]; Eli Lilly [Ankylosing spondylitis (Ixtekinumab)]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Pfizer [Ankylosing spondylitis (tofacitinib)]; Janssen [Ankylosing spondylitis (Golimumab)].

James T Rosenbaum, MD

Professor of Ophthalmology, Medicine, and Cell Biology

Oregon Health & Science University

Chief of Ophthalmology

Devers Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Alcon Research Institute [Uveitis]. Speaker's Bureau: Abbvie [Uveitis (Adalimumab)]; Mallinckrodt [Uveitis (Acthar)]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: UCB [Uveitis (Certolizumab)]; Abbvie [Uveitis (Adalimumab)]; Regeneron [Uveitis (Dupilumab)]; Santen [Uveitis (Intravitreal rapamycin)]; Gilead [Uveitis (Filgotinib)].

Robert AS Roubey, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Kenneth G Saag, MD, MSc

Professor of Medicine

University of Alabama at Birmingham

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Amgen [Osteoporosis]; Ironwood/AstraZeneca [Gout]; Merck [Osteoporosis]; Takeda [Gout]; Horizon [Gout]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Ironwood/AstraZeneca [Gout, rheumatoid arthritis]; Takeda [Gout]; Amgen [Osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis]; Merck [Osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis]; Abbott [Rheumatoid arthritis]; Bristol-Myers Squibb [Rheumatoid arthritis]; Pfizer [Rheumatoid arthritis]; Roche-Genentech [Rheumatoid arthritis]; Bayer [Rheumatoid arthritis]; Horizon [Gout]; Radius [Osteoporosis].

Lisa R Sammaritano, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine

Weill Medical College of Cornell University

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Sergio Schwartzman, MD

Franchellie M. Cadwell Chair

Weill Medical College of Cornell University

Disclosure: Speaker's Bureau: AbbVie [Autoimmune diseases (Humira)]; Crescendo [Autoimmune diseases (Vectra)]; Genentech [Autoimmune diseases (Rituximab)]; Hospira [Autoimmune diseases (Inflectra)]; Janssen [Autoimmune diseases (Ustekinumab)]; Novartis [Autoimmune diseases (Secukinumab)]; Pfizer [Autoimmune diseases (Tofacitinib)]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: AbbVie [Autoimmune diseases (Humira)]; Crescendo [Autoimmune diseases (Vectra)]; Discus [Autoimmune diseases (Jointman)]; Epirus [Autoimmune diseases (Infliximab)]; Genentech [Autoimmune diseases (Rituximab)]; Hospira [Autoimmune diseases (Inflectra)]; Janssen [Autoimmune diseases (Ustekinumab)]; Novartis [Autoimmune diseases (Secukinumab)]; Pfizer [Autoimmune diseases (Tofacitinib)]; Regeneron [Autoimmune diseases (Sarilumab)]; National Psoriasis Foundation [Autoimmune diseases].

Ethel Siris, MD

Section Editor — Disorders of Bone

Madeline C. Stabile Professor of Clinical Medicine

Columbia University

Disclosure: Consultant/Advisory Boards: Merck [Osteoporosis (Odanacatib - drug withdrawn)]; Amgen [Osteoporosis (Denosumab)]; Radius Pharmaceuticals [Osteoporosis (Abaloparatide)].

Daniel H Solomon, MD, MPH

Matthew H. Liang Distinguished Chair in Arthritis and Population Health

Professor of Medicine

Harvard Medical School

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Pfizer [Rheumatoid arthritis (Celecoxib)].

Derrick J Todd, MD, PhD

Instructor of Medicine

Harvard Medical School

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Astrid van Tubergen, MD, PhD

Rheumatologist

Maastricht University Medical Center

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Pfizer [Spondyloarthritis (Etanercept)]; AbbVie [Spondyloarthritis (Adalimumab)]; UCB [Spondyloarthritis (Certolizumab)]; Jansen-Cilag [Psoriatic arthritis (Ustekinumab)]; Celgene [Psoriatic arthritis (Apremilast)]; MSD [Spondyloarthritis (Infliximab, Golimumab)]; Novartis [Spondyloarthritis (Secukinumab)]. Speaker's Bureau: Pfizer [Spondyloarthritis (Etanercept)]; MSD [Spondyloarthritis (Infliximab, Golimumab)]; Jansen-Cilag [Psoriatic arthritis (Ustekinumab)]. Consultant/Advisory Board: Pfizer [Spondyloarthritis (Etanercept)]; Jansen-Cilag [Psoriatic arthritis (ustekinumab)]; Novartis [Spondyloarthritis (Secukinumab)]; Abbvie [Spondyloarthritis (Adalimumab)].

Barbara N Weissman, MD

Professor of Radiology

Harvard Medical School

Disclosure: Other Financial Interest: Elsevier [Imaging of arthritis/metabolic bone disease].

Mark H Wener, MD

Section Editor — Diagnostic Issues in Rheumatology

Professor of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine/Rheumatology

University of Washington

Disclosure: Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Boehringer-Ingelheim [Scleroderma (Nintedanib)]; Medical Training Software [Production of laboratory training and competency assessment software (Autoimmune Tutor)]; BioRad [Reference lab testing for ANA patterns (ANA substrate, autoimmune diagnostics)]. Other Financial Interest: Rheumatology (Oxford) [Associate Editor (Medical journal)].

Hasan Yazici, MD

Professor of Medicine

Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose