Acute respiratory distress in children: Emergency evaluation and initial stabilization
- Author
- Debra L Weiner, MD, PhD
Debra L Weiner, MD, PhD
- Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
- Harvard Medical School
- Section Editor
- Gary R Fleisher, MD
Gary R Fleisher, MD
- Editor-in-Chief — Adult and Pediatric Emergency Medicine
- Section Editor — Pediatric Signs and Symptoms
- Egan Family Foundation Professor
- Harvard Medical School
- Deputy Editor
- James F Wiley, II, MD, MPH
James F Wiley, II, MD, MPH
- Senior Deputy Editor — UpToDate
- Deputy Editor — Adult and Pediatric Emergency Medicine
- Deputy Editor — Primary Care Sports Medicine (Adolescents and Adults)
- Clinical Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine/Traumatology
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine
INTRODUCTION
This topic will review the emergency evaluation and initial stabilization of children with acute respiratory distress.
The initial assessment and stabilization of children with respiratory and circulatory distress, basic airway management, emergency endotracheal intubation, rapid sequence intubation (RSI), causes of respiratory compromise in children, and conditions causing respiratory distress in neonates are discussed separately:
●(See "Initial assessment and stabilization of children with respiratory or circulatory compromise".)
●(See "Basic airway management in children".)
●(See "Emergency endotracheal intubation in children".)
Subscribers log in here
To continue reading this article, you must log in with your personal, hospital, or group practice subscription. For more information or to purchase a personal subscription, click below on the option that best describes you:Literature review current through: Jul 2017. | This topic last updated: Dec 12, 2016.The content on the UpToDate website is not intended nor recommended as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your own physician or other qualified health care professional regarding any medical questions or conditions. The use of this website is governed by the UpToDate Terms of Use ©2017 UpToDate, Inc.References- Krauss BS, Harakal T, Fleisher GR. The spectrum and frequency of illness presenting to a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 1991; 7:67.
- Donoghue AJ, Nadkarni V, Berg RA, et al. Out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: an epidemiologic review and assessment of current knowledge. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 46:512.
- Gerein RB, Osmond MH, Stiell IG, et al. What are the etiology and epidemiology of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest in Ontario, Canada? Acad Emerg Med 2006; 13:653.
- Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA, et al. First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA 2006; 295:50.
- McNally B, Robb R, Mehta M, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest surveillance --- Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES), United States, October 1, 2005--December 31, 2010. MMWR Surveill Summ 2011; 60:1.
- Recognition of respiratory distress and failure. In: Pediatric Advanced Life Support Provider Manual. Chameides L, et al (Eds), American Heart Association, Dallas, 2011, p.37.
- O'Dempsey TJ, Laurence BE, McArdle TF, et al. The effect of temperature reduction on respiratory rate in febrile illnesses. Arch Dis Child 1993; 68:492.
- Gadomski AM, Permutt T, Stanton B. Correcting respiratory rate for the presence of fever. J Clin Epidemiol 1994; 47:1043.
- Margolis P, Gadomski A. The rational clinical examination. Does this infant have pneumonia? JAMA 1998; 279:308.
- Poets CF, Southall DP. Noninvasive monitoring of oxygenation in infants and children: practical considerations and areas of concern. Pediatrics 1994; 93:737.
- Dieckmann RA. Pediatric assessment. In: APLS: The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Resource, Gausche-Hill M, Fuchs S, Yamamoto L. (Eds), Jones and Bartlett, Sudbury 2004. p.20.
Topic Outline
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND
- EVALUATION
- Initial rapid assessment
- History
- Physical examination
- - General observation
- - Vital signs
- - Breathing
- - Other organ systems
- Ancillary studies
- - Bedside evaluation
- - Laboratory testing
- - Imaging
- INITIAL STABILIZATION
- Impending respiratory arrest
- Other respiratory distress
- - Trauma
- - No trauma
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
Top